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2022, 42(8)

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2022, 42(8): 1-2.

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A Review on Energy Management Technology of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

HE Hongwen, MENG Xiangfei

2022, 42(8): 773-783. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2022.161

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Energy management strategy (EMS) is critical to improving the fuel economy, protecting the health status, and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). However, due to the complex nonlinear structure of the power system and the real-time requirements of online applications, it is still a challenge task to develop an efficient EMS. Therefore, the evolution of energy management technology was summarized completely in this paper. Firstly, the electro-mechanical coupled systems used widely in HEVs and their topological structures and functional features were surveyed. Secondly, the research progress and development trend of EMS were analyzed synthetically. In addition, the technical advantages and disadvantages of various methods were evaluated based on fundamental technical indicators such as optimality and real-time performance, providing a reference for further engineering applications. Finally, the future research trend of EMS was prospected, hoping to provide a reference for the development of EMS under the intelligent connected environment.

Research on Real-Time Optimization Method of AMT Shift Point of Electric Vehicle Based on Greedy Algorithm

LEI Yulong, HOU Boning, FU Yao, LI Xingzhong, LI Yuqi

2022, 42(8): 784-790. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.298

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The shift point of electric vehicle automated mechanical transmission (AMT) system has an important impact on the power and economy level of the whole vehicle. In view of the poor adaptability of electric vehicle AMT look-up table shift law under working conditions, which cannot be solved quantitatively based on working conditions, and does not take into account power and economy, a real-time optimal control method of electric vehicle AMT shift point based on greedy strategy was proposed. Firstly, the driving condition of electric vehicle was predicted by Markov chain, and then greedy algorithm was used to optimize the shift point. Under world light vehicle test cycle (WLTC) and China automotive test cycle (CATC) conditions, the simulation results show that compared with the electric vehicle with economic shift strategy, the electric vehicle with greedy algorithm shift strategy consumes less power, the battery SOC decreases more slowly, and the economy of the vehicle is improved.

Health State Estimation of Li-Ion Batteries Based on Electrochemical Model

GAO Renjing, LÜ Zhiqiang, ZHAO Shuai, HUANG Xianguo

2022, 42(8): 791-797. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.310

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To estimate online health state of Li-Ion batteries in electric vehicles accurately, a method was proposed based on the parameters of a pseudo-two-dimensional model. Firstly, disassembling congeneric objective batteries and measuring their structural parameters using scanning electron microscopy, the method was arranged to get some unknown parameters based on genetic algorithm for an electrochemical model. Then, a new stoichiometry ratio-based battery positive capacity calculation was established to estimate the health state of battery. Considering the influence of aging on the stoichiometry ratio in the positive electrode, the estimation accuracy of health state was further improved. Finally, a battery aging dataset was used to verify the validity of the method. The results show that the proposed estimation method can achieve an accurate online estimation of battery health state in short dynamic loading.

Active Safety Control Strategy of Electric Vehicles Considering CAN-Induced Time Delay

WEI Hongqian, WANG Hongrong, ZHAO Wenqiang, AI Qiang, LAI Chenguang, ZHANG Youtong, ZOU Xihong

2022, 42(8): 798-808. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.322

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The message processing and data packet loss of the automotive CAN network would cause the time delay effect of the automotive control system, thereby affecting the accuracy of the vehicle dynamics control. In order to solve this problem, a vehicle yaw stability control strategy was proposed based on robust model predictive control. First, the message delay characteristics of CAN network was analyzed, and a multicellular time-delay model was built to describe the parametric uncertainty. A robust model predictive controller containing uncertain parameters was designed to improve the anti-interference ability of the active safety controller. In addition, the comprehensive solution scheme of the variable time-domain robust optimal control law was also studied based on the asymptotically stable invariant ellipse set to improve the online solution efficiency, and meanwhile to balance the robustness and optimality of the system control. The results show that the proposed control strategy can resist the parameter uncertainty induced by the CAN network, alleviate the conservativeness of the robust control algorithm, and improve the active safety performance of the vehicle.

Study on a Technology of Energy Reintegration for Aluminum-Air Fuel Cell

WEI Manhui, WANG Keliang, PEI Pucheng, ZUO Yayu, WANG Hengwei, ZHANG Pengfei, CHEN Zhuo

2022, 42(8): 809-815. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.327

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For exploring the influence of different concentrations of zinc ions in the 4 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte on the anode self-corrosion of the aluminum-air fuel cell and further improving its discharge performance, 6061 aluminum alloy was used as the anode and zinc oxide was used as the electrolyte additive for hydrogen evolution weight loss analysis, and the structure of the mesh-encapsulated anode was used to complete the energy reintegration and test the discharge performance of fuel cell. The results show that when the 4 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte contains 0.3 M zinc ions, the 6061 aluminum alloy can get the highest hydrogen inhibition efficiency, being of 64.364%. Moreover, in this electrolyte, the fuel cell with the mesh-encapsulated anode structure can get the highest anode efficiency and specific capacity when discharged at a current density of 20 mA/cm², being of 41.633% and 1240.665 A·h/kg, respectively, heightening 64.440% than before optimization. The energy dissipated by the fuel due to self-corrosion can be stored in the deposited zinc on its surface, and be converted into electrical energy with the aid of the anode mesh, achieving the purpose of energy reintegration and improving the fuel cell performance significantly.

An Engine Shutdown Control Strategy Based on Model Predictive Control for Series-Parallel HEV

LIU Hui, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Wannian, MA Yuwei

2022, 42(8): 816-823. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.340

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Taking advantage of the characteristics of online rolling optimization to obtain the optimal control sequence, an engine shutdown optimization control strategy was proposed based on model predictive control (MPC) to reduce the vehicle longitudinal impact in the process of engine shutdown when switching the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) from the hybrid drive mode to the electric drive mode. Firstly, combining theory with experiment, an engine resistance torque model was established. Secondly, according to the different working states of the power components, the shutdown process was divided into two stages, the engine working point adjustment stage and the motor reverse dragging engine stage. And a segmented engine shutdown control strategy was designed. Finally, the designed control strategy was verified in simulation, and compared with the traditional PID control method. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively suppress the output torque fluctuation during engine shutdown, reduce the vehicle impact and effectively improve the ride comfort of the vehicle.

Modeling on Conducted Electromagnetic Interference for Motor Drive System of Electric Vehicle

ZHAI Li, YANG Shuangjie, HU Guixing, WANG Shuliang

2022, 42(8): 824-833. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2022.003

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Electromagnetic interference is a major challenge in the current design of electric vehicle motor drive systems. In order to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of electromagnetic interference suppression technology at the early stage of system design, a SPICE equivalent circuit modeling method was proposed for motor drive systems based on port impedance measurement. According to the physical structure of the system components, a high-voltage shielded cable model, a motor controller model, and a drive motor model were established, and the accuracy of the models was verified through experiments. Combining the component models together, a complete motor drive system conducted electromagnetic interference prediction model was constructed. According to GB/T 18655-2016 and GB/T 36282-2018, system load conducted electromagnetic interference simulation and experiments were carried out to verify the accuracy of the model.

Numerical Study of Pressure Fluctuation Spatial and Frequency Domain Characteristics on Airfoil Surface

LEI Juanmian, GUO Mutian, ZHAO Xiaojian, ZHANG Hua

2022, 42(8): 834-841. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.200

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The wing surface pressure fluctuation is one of the main sources of large passenger aircraft near-field noise, and the study of its spatial and frequency domain distribution characteristics is of great significance. The large eddy simulation method were used to carry out $R{e_{\rm{C}}} = 2.42 \times {10^6}$ numerical calculation research for an infinite wingspan NLF(2)-0415 airfoil with a chord length of 1 m and a sweep angle of 45 degrees. The effects of different turbulent incoming flow conditions and flow states on the time-averaged flow field and pressure fluctuation sound pressure level and power spectrum on the upper surface of the wing were analyzed. The research results show that under the conditions of this paper, the pressure fluctuation on the upper surface of the wing has an obvious sudden increase at the transition position; the sound pressure level in the turbulent flow zone is about 20～30 dB higher than that in the laminar flow zone; the influence of the incoming turbulence intensity on the surface pressure fluctuation is mainly concentrated in the laminar flow zone, and the pressure fluctuation in the turbulent zone is not sensitive to the incoming turbulence intensity; the pressure fluctuation power spectrum in the laminar flow zone is generally low, and decreases fast as the frequency increases; the pressure fluctuation power spectrum in the turbulent flow zone is increased by about 2～3 orders of magnitude in the whole frequency band compared with the laminar flow zone, and the spectrum level changes little with frequency in the low frequency range, and decreases with a certain slope as the frequency increases in the high frequency range.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Rotor Blade Aerodynamic Performance of Aerial-Ground Platform

WEI Wei, WANG Ruolin, XU Bin, FAN Kangdi, ZHAO Zhiran, ZOU Bo

2022, 42(8): 842-849. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.207

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Aerial-ground platforms have the characteristics of both rotor UAV and unmanned vehicle, and have better adaptability for various indoor and outdoor complex environments. However, different operating environments have different requirements for aerodynamic performance such as rotor lift and hovering efficiency. A single leaf type is difficult to meet these differentiated requirements. To solve this problem, based on the class function/shape function (CST) method, a Bernstein polynomial was used to parametrically express the airfoil chord length, torsion angle and the position of the rotor leading edge position along the radial direction to achieve the original rotor blade shape. Three-dimensional parameter modeling and reconstruction, and then numerical methods were used to analyze the sensitivity of key blade profile parameters to aerodynamic performance. The calculation results show that the chord length and torsion angle near the wing tip had a greater impact on the aerodynamic performance, and there was an obvious interaction effect between the chord length and the torsion angle. With lift and quality factor as the goal, the original rotor blade was designed with multi-objective optimization and experimented. The test results show that the rotor lift coefficient of the high-lift blade profile was increased by 13.2%, and the rotor quality factor of the high-quality factor blade profile was increased by 37.8%. The optimization method of the three-dimensional parameterization of the blade profile based on the combination of Bernstein polynomial and CST can effectively improve aerodynamic performance indicators such as rotor lift or quality factor.

Nonlinear Pressure Control of Electronically Controlled Hydraulic Direct Drive Multi-Disc Clutch

ZHANG Chao, YU Huaizhi, SHI Wentong, LIU Qifang, HONG Jinlong, GAO Bingzhao

2022, 42(8): 850-856. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.199

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To solve the problems of automatic transmission, including the larger mass and volume of the multi-disc clutch hydraulic actuator, larger energy loss produced in solenoid valve, and to improve the traditional pressure control process in oscillation, precision and robustness, "motor & pump" direct control is often adopted to realize pressure regulation, taking its advantages of the simple structure, small mass and volume, and higher efficiency. Taking the pump-controlled actuator as the research object, a model-based nonlinear triple-step controller was proposed to control the internal pressure of the actuator. The results show that the proposed method can obviously improve the vibration of the actuator, the pressure control accuracy and time response.

Fault Analysis and Improvement Test Research on Lubricating Oil Pipe of Comprehensive Transmission Device

LI Hongcai, CHENG Daqing

2022, 42(8): 857-863. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.208

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Analyzing the fatigue fracture caused by vibration is main fracture reason of the external lubricating oil pipe of a comprehensive transmission device, three improvement schemes of increasing support scheme, adding vibration isolation structure scheme and hose connection scheme were proposed and compared and verified. The analysis and experimental test results show that the three improvement schemes can effectively suppress vibration and improve fatigue strength. The effect of the improved scheme is better in-order to increase the support, rubber vibration isolation and hose connection, and the amplitude is attenuated by 88.29%, 77.87% and 62.04% respectively.

Absorptive Frequency Selective Surface Design Based on Metamaterial Technology

REN Wu, WANG Peipei, HU Ruixin

2022, 42(8): 864-870. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.194

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A composite absorptive frequency selective surface (AFSS) structure was proposed, being composed of metamaterial absorber (MA) and frequency selective surface (FSS). The composite MA was designed with a composite of a planar square ring structure loaded with resistors and a three-dimensional double-sided open C-ring structure, providing an absorption frequency band from 4.79 to 30.57 GHz, presenting polarization insensitive characteristics and stable absorption within 45° oblique incidence. The FSS was designed with a ring-shaped slot spiral structure, achieving an insertion loss less than 1 dB from 1.96 to 2.16 GHz frequency band through six spiral winding branches, forming a low-frequency passband. The composite AFSS formed by the combination of the two can achieve better wave penetration in the 1.28 to 1.38 GHz frequency band and broadband wave absorption in the 4.88 to 30.58 GHz frequency band, achieving the integrated wave absorption performance.

Psychological Stress Assessment Using Multiple Physiological Signals Based on XGBoost

LIN Yanfei, LONG Yuan, ZHANG Hang, LIU Zhiwen, ZHANG Zhengbo

2022, 42(8): 871-880. doi:10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2021.195

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Objective assessment of psychological stress using physiological signals has become a current research hotspot, but the best algorithm needs to be further explored. In this study, a mental arithmetic task was conducted to induce psychological stress in subjects. Four physiological signals including EEG, ECG, skin conductance, and pulse wave were collected from 21 university students. The features of the time and frequency domains for physiological signals were extracted. Six methods including ANOVA, mRMR, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were utilized to select effective features. SVM, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Gaussian Naive Bayesian (GNB), Adaptive Boosting (Adaboost), GBDT, and XGBoost were conducted to classify the extracted features. The results show that the combined model of GBDT feature selection and XGBoost classifier is the most effective for the assessment of psychological stress on different levels.

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2022 Vol. 42, No. 8

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