The Path Optimization of the System from Implementation to Bankruptcy
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摘要:执行转破产程序（以下简称执转破）作为司法解释下的经验性活动，对于纾解执行难和破产启动难确有裨益。但现行执转破主要以地方性实践为主导，存在整体规范低阶化、法律规则难统一、具体实施细则模糊、配套的硬制度供给和软文化建设尚付阙如、案件受理量低迷，实效乏力等问题。执转破制度关涉到多重主体关系的形塑与多种利益的调和，活化执转破制度需要从制度、文化和细则三维度建构：制度供给，打造破产审判的专业化与信息化、加强府院合力和查控分析；文化建设，转变思想观念，构建尊重市场失败者的企业破产文化以及市场主体自负风险的意识；规则精细，确定依职权启动的准入条件、增设财产地法院与跨行政区法院的破产管辖权、完善管理人报酬的司法解释、限定执转破适用、建立执转破监督机制、区分不同主体激励机制。司法程序只能提供事后救济，治本的关键在于事前预防，从更宏大的视阈考量，构筑社会信用机制是解决人案矛盾论域里执行难和破产难命题的题中之义。Abstract:As an empirical activity under judicial interpretation, the procedure from implementation to bankruptcy is beneficial to easing the difficulty of execution and the difficulty of starting bankruptcy. But it is mainly dominated by local practice and has the following problems:the overall norms are low-level, the rules of the law are difficult to be unified, the specific implementation details are fuzzy, related rules for hard institutional supply and soft culture construction are still lacking, the number of cases handled is minimal, and effectiveness is low. The procedure from implementation to bankruptcy is related to the shaping of the relationship between multiple subjects and the coordination of various interests. Activating the system from implementation to bankruptcy requires the construction of 3 dimensions:system, culture and rules:first, the system supply, which can create bankruptcy trial's specialization and information and strengthen the cooperation between government and court and check analysis; second, cultural construction, which can change people's ideas, and build a bankruptcy culture which promotes the respect for market losers and cultivates the risk consciousness of the market subject; third, fine rules, which can be used to determine the access conditions when a bankruptcy is started by authorities, establish the bankruptcy jurisdiction of the property court and trans-district court, improve the judicial interpretation of the remuneration of the manager, limit the application of the procedure from implementation to bankruptcy, establish the supervision mechanism, and distinguish incentive mechanism between different main parties. Judicial procedure can only provide a remedy, the key to cure is prevention. Considered from a broader perspective, constructing a social credit mechanism is the key to solving the implementation difficulty and bankruptcy difficulty.
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